HTTP, HTTPS, HTML, URL, XML, XSLT, CSS

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Web Science[1]


Characteristics of the web[edit]

You must memorize this content. You should be able to recognize these acronyms and identify the characteristics of each.

Term Definition Characteristics
HTTP

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.[2].

  • HTTP is an application-layer protocol
  • HTTP functions as a request–response protocol [3]
  • HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext [4]
  • HTTP is stateless - Each transaction between the client and server is independent and no state is set based on a previous transaction or condition.[5]
  • HTTP Uses requests from the client to the server and responses from the server to the client for sending and receiving data. [6]
  • HTTP utilizes headers at the start of each message.[7]
HTTPS

HTTPS (also called HTTP over TLS, HTTP over SSL, and HTTP Secure) is a protocol for secure communication over a computer network which is widely used on the Internet. HTTPS consists of communication over Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) within a connection encrypted by Transport Layer Security, or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer. The main motivation for HTTPS is authentication of the visited website and protection of the privacy and integrity of the exchanged data.[8]

  • HTTPS URLs begin with "https://" and use port 443 by default, whereas HTTP URLs begin with "http://" and use port 80 by default
  • HTTPS encrypts the request and response. If you were to snoop (or spy) on the network data, you would only (theoretically) see the origin and destination IP and port numbers
  • HTTPS piggybacks (or rides) on top of HTTP
HTML

HyperText Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard markup language used to create web pages[9]. Please see our wiki page on HTML for a deeper discussion of HTML.

  • HTML is a markup language. A markup language is a system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text [10]
  • HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references.[11]
  • HTML tags most commonly come in pairs although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired. [12]
  • The first tag in such a pair is the start tag, and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).[13]


URL

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).[14]

  • URL's have different parts. Every URL MUST have:
    • scheme and host
  • URL's have different parts. Every URL MIGHT have:
    • user information
    • port
    • query
    • fragment

Please click here for an example of these different parts. In your normal day-to-day use, you probably only use a scheme and a host.

XML

In computing, Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.[15]

Characteristics here

XSLT

Definition here

Characteristics here

CSS

Definition here

Characteristics here

URI 
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical resource. [16]

Characteristics here

Do you understand this?[edit]

You must simply memorize these. There isn't anything fancy about this. If you need help memorizing, please use a mnemonic strategy.

http: Please please click here to view http response headers in google chrome

Standards[edit]

These standards are used from the IB Computer Science Subject Guide[17]

  • Identify the characteristics of the following: HTTP, HTTPS, HTML, URL, XML, XSLT, CSS.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ http://www.flaticon.com/
  2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
  3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
  4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
  5. ↑ http://www.comptechdoc.org/independent/web/http/reference/httprfccopy.html
  6. ↑ http://www.comptechdoc.org/independent/web/http/reference/
  7. ↑ http://www.comptechdoc.org/independent/web/http/reference/
  8. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS
  9. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
  10. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language
  11. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Markup
  12. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Markup
  13. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Markup
  14. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
  15. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML
  16. ↑ http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt?cm_mc_uid=07864784650914905194154&cm_mc_sid_50200000=1490519415
  17. ↑ IB Diploma Programme Computer science guide (first examinations 2014). Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom: International Baccalaureate Organization. January 2012.

Provide an answer from a number of possibilities. Recognize and state briefly a distinguishing fact or feature.

Give a specific name, value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation.

a group or system of interconnected people or things.

Provide an answer from a number of possibilities. Recognize and state briefly a distinguishing fact or feature.

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