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12:12, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Loop closure (Created page with "Loop closure is an important concept in the field of robotics, particularly in relation to the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) problem. As a robot moves through an environment, it builds a map of the environment and uses that map to estimate its location within it. However, as the robot moves, small errors in its motion estimates can accumulate over time, leading to drift in the estimated trajectory and the map. The idea of loop closure is to correct thi...")
12:11, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Local mapping (Created page with "Local mapping is a concept in robotics, particularly in relation to Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and Visual SLAM (vSLAM), where the robot builds a smaller, more immediate map of its surroundings, often referred to as a local map. The idea is to focus computational resources on understanding the robot's immediate surroundings in detail, rather than attempting to map the entire environment at once. This local map is continuously updated as the robot moves...")
12:09, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Initialization (Created page with "In the context of robotics and especially in algorithms like Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) or Visual SLAM (vSLAM), "Initialization" refers to the process of setting up the initial conditions or starting point for the algorithm. At the start of SLAM or vSLAM, the robot doesn't know anything about its environment or its position within that environment. However, to begin the process of mapping and localization, it needs some kind of initial guess or estimat...")
12:06, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (vSLAM) modules (Created page with "Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, or vSLAM, is a variant of the general SLAM problem where the primary sensor data comes from a camera or multiple cameras. This technique uses visual information to create a map of the environment while also keeping track of the robot's location within the map. The "modules" in a vSLAM system might refer to the individual components or stages of the vSLAM process. The exact modules can vary depending on the specific vSLAM alg...")
12:05, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Sensor fusion model (Created page with "Sensor fusion is a method used in robotics and automation that involves merging data from different sensors to improve the understanding of the environment. This process can reduce uncertainty, improve accuracy, and make the system more robust to failures of individual sensors. A sensor fusion model, then, is a mathematical and computational model that describes how to combine the data from different sensors. Here's an example to illustrate the concept: Imagine you ha...")
12:03, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) (Created page with "Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, or SLAM, is a computational problem in the field of robotics. As the name implies, it's about doing two things at the same time: # '''Localization''': Determining where a robot is located in an environment. # '''Mapping''': Building a map of that environment. What makes SLAM challenging is that it's a chicken-and-egg problem: to know where you are (localization), you need a map, but to create a map, you need to know where you are....")
11:59, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Robot drift (Created page with ""Robot drift" is a term often used in the context of robotics and refers to the accumulated error in a robot's estimated position and orientation over time. This error, or "drift", can occur when a robot is using sensors like wheel encoders or Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) to estimate its motion. Both these methods involve integrating sensor measurements over time to calculate position, but small errors in these measurements can accumulate, leading to larger and lar...")
11:58, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Rigid pose estimation (RPE) (Created page with "Rigid Pose Estimation (RPE) is a concept in computer vision and robotics that involves determining the position and orientation (the "pose") of an object that does not deform or change shape — in other words, a "rigid" object. The term 'rigid' indicates that the distance between any two points on the object remains constant over time, regardless of the object's movement or orientation. In the context of robotics, pose estimation often refers to estimating the pose of...")
11:56, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Relocalization (Created page with "Relocalization is a critical concept in robotics, specifically in the context of autonomous navigation and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). It refers to the ability of a robot to determine its current location in a map that it previously built or in a known environment, particularly after it has lost track of its position due to an error, disturbance, or after it has been manually moved (also known as the "kidnapped robot" problem). There are many reasons w...")
11:54, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Odometry sensor (Created page with "An odometry sensor is a device used to estimate the change in position over time of a vehicle, like a car or a robot, based on data from its own sensors. The term "odometry" comes from the combination of "hodos", meaning path or way in Greek, and "metron", meaning measure. Therefore, it's all about measuring the path a vehicle takes. There are several types of odometry sensors, and they work in different ways: # '''Wheel Encoders''': In many robots, especially wheeled...")
11:53, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Object occlusion (Created page with "Object occlusion in the context of computer vision refers to the event where a part or all of an object in the scene is hidden from view by some other object in the scene. In simple words, when an object is in front of another object, blocking it from view, we say that the second object is occluded. For example, imagine you are looking at a photograph of a crowd of people. Some of those people may be standing in front of others, preventing you from seeing the people beh...")
11:51, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) (Created page with "Light Detection and Ranging, more commonly known as LiDAR, is a method of remote sensing that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure distances to an object. These light pulses, combined with other data recorded by the airborne system, generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. Here's a simplified explanation of how it works: # A LiDAR system sends out a pulse of light, usually in the form o...")
11:50, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Key points/pairs (Created page with "Key points, also known as feature points or interest points, are distinct and unique points in an image that are easy to find and accurately describe. These points are usually selected because they represent corners, edges, or other interesting aspects of the image, and they are used in many computer vision tasks for things like object recognition, image alignment, and 3D reconstruction. When multiple images are used (for example, in a video or a sequence of frames take...")
11:48, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Keyframe selection (Created page with "Keyframe selection is a term commonly used in the field of computer vision, especially in video processing and robotics. A keyframe is a frame in a sequence of frames (like a video or a series of images) that contains important or critical data. In video compression, for example, keyframes (also known as I-frames) are the frames from which subsequent frames are based. These keyframes serve as reference points and the frames in between are often compressed by storing onl...")
11:46, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Inertial measurement unit (IMU) (Created page with "An Inertial Measurement Unit, or IMU, is a device that measures and reports on a vehicle's velocity, orientation, and gravitational forces, using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sometimes magnetometers. IMUs are typically used to aid in navigation and tracking systems, particularly when GPS data is unavailable or unreliable. Let's break down the components of an IMU: # '''Accelerometers:''' These measure linear acceleration. However, they can't disting...")
11:45, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Human pose estimation (HPE) (Created page with "Human pose estimation (HPE) is a computer vision task that involves determining the position and orientation of the human body, along with the positions of various body parts such as the head, arms, legs, and so on, usually in real-time. Here's a simplified way to think about it: Imagine you're looking at a photo of a person. You can probably tell what position they're in — maybe they're standing up straight, sitting down, or running. Now imagine trying to teach a com...")
11:44, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page GPS-denied environment (Created page with "A GPS-denied environment is a location or situation where the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are not available at all. This can occur for a number of reasons: # Indoor Locations: Buildings often block GPS signals, making them unavailable inside. # Underground or Underwater: Similarly, GPS signals can't penetrate underground or underwater. # Jamming or Spoofing: GPS signals can be intentionally disrupted or blocked using devices known as GPS jammers. Additionall...")
11:41, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page GPS-degraded environment (Created page with "A GPS-degraded environment refers to any situation or location where the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are unreliable, weak, or completely unavailable. This could be due to several reasons: 1. **Urban Areas**: In cities with high buildings, GPS signals can become degraded due to the "urban canyon" effect. The tall buildings can block direct signals from the satellites or cause multipath errors, where the signals bounce off multiple buildings before reaching th...")
11:39, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Global positioning system (GPS) signal (Created page with "The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Here's a simplified explanation of how it works: # The GPS system consists of a network of around 30 satellites orbiting the Earth, controlled by a series of ground stations. These satellites are always transmitting sign...")
11:38, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Global map optimization (Created page with "Global map optimization is an important concept in robotics, particularly in the field of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). In essence, it's the process of improving the accuracy and consistency of a map that a robot has created of its environment. Here's how it works: as a robot moves through its environment, it's continually taking sensor measurements and using those to build up a map of the world around it. At the same time, it's using that map to estimat...")
11:36, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Edge computing (Created page with "Edge computing is a distributed computing paradigm that brings computation and data storage closer to the sources of data. This is done to improve response times and save bandwidth. The "edge" refers to the edge of a network, closer to the devices that produce or consume data, as opposed to a centralized data center or cloud. Here are the key steps involved in setting up an edge computing environment: # Identify the Need: The first step is to understand why you need ed...")
11:34, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Dead reckoning data (Created page with "Dead reckoning is a process used in navigation to determine one's current position based on a previously known position, or fix, and advancing that position based upon known or estimated speeds over a period of time, and the direction in which the person or vehicle is known or estimated to have moved. The name "dead reckoning" comes from "deduced reckoning," sometimes abbreviated as 'ded' reckoning, which has been further abbreviated to "dead" reckoning. In the context...")
11:33, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Computer vision (Created page with "Computer vision is a subfield of artificial intelligence and computer science that focuses on enabling computers to understand and interpret the visual world. Essentially, it's about teaching computers to "see" and understand digital images or videos. The way computer vision does this is by taking images or videos, processing them, and then extracting useful information from them. This can involve many different tasks, such as: # Image Recognition: This is one of the m...")
11:31, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Bundle adjustment (Created page with "Bundle adjustment is an optimization technique used in computer vision and photogrammetry, which are two fields that are fundamental for the functioning of rescue robots. You can think of rescue robots as needing to understand the world around them, just like you and me. When these robots look at a scene through their sensors, which typically include cameras, they need to determine the 3D positions of objects in the scene, as well as the position and orientation of the...")
11:27, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Robotics (Created page with "right|frame|Case study notes<ref>http://www.flaticon.com/</ref> * [[Bundle adjustment * [[Computer vision * [[Dead reckoning data * [[Edge computing * [[Global map optimization * [[Global positioning system (GPS) signal * [[GPS-degraded environment * GPS-denied environment * Human pose estimation (HPE) * Inertial measurement unit (IMU) * Keyframe selection * Key points/pairs * Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) * Object o...")
11:19, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page File:D 4 comsc css 2305 1 e.pdf
11:19, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs uploaded File:D 4 comsc css 2305 1 e.pdf
11:18, 30 May 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page 2024 case study (Created page with "right|frame|Case study<ref>http://www.flaticon.com/</ref> == Introduction == Higher-level students must write 3 papers. The case study is the third paper. Every year, the case study discusses a different topic. Students must become '''very very familiar''' with the case study. The IB recommends spending about a year studying this guide. This page will help you organize and understand the 2023 case study. Here are some external resources:...")
08:35, 28 March 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Date and times with Python (Created page with "<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import datetime # to get the current date and time: print(datetime.datetime.now()) # to get the current date: print(datetime.date.today()) # to get the current time: print(datetime.datetime.now().time()) # to get the current year: print(datetime.datetime.now().year) # to get the day of the week: print(datetime.datetime.now().weekday()) # to print the day of the week: print(datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%A")) # to ask the user to...")
07:53, 23 March 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Policies (Created page with "right|frame|Resource Management<ref>http://www.flaticon.com/</ref> = Policies = == Definition of policies == In the context of computing and operating systems, policies refer to a set of rules, principles, or guidelines that determine how specific tasks or operations are performed. Policies help manage various aspects of a system, such as resource allocation, scheduling, security, and access control. They provide a framework for making decisions a...")
07:39, 23 March 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Scheduling (Created page with "right|frame|Resource Management<ref>http://www.flaticon.com/</ref> = II. Scheduling = == Definition of scheduling == Scheduling, in the context of computing and operating systems, refers to the process of assigning and managing the execution of processes or tasks on system resources, such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit). The primary goal of scheduling is to ensure that resources are utilized efficiently, while maintaining a balance between f...")
19:58, 9 March 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page MediaWiki:Sitenotice (Created page with " ==foo==")
11:46, 1 March 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Just-in-time (JIT) compilation (Created page with "Just-in-time (JIT) compilation is a technique used in computer programming to improve the performance of runtime execution. It involves dynamically compiling code at runtime instead of compiling it ahead of time and storing it in binary form. When a program is executed, the JIT compiler analyzes the code and identifies frequently executed parts of the code. It then compiles those parts into machine code and stores the compiled code in memory, making it available for reu...")
11:45, 1 March 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Transpiling (Created page with "Transpiling (short for "transformation" and "compiling") is the process of converting source code from one programming language to another while maintaining the same functionality. It is a common practice in software development when a developer wants to use modern language features or libraries that are not supported in the target environment. The transpiling process typically involves taking the source code written in the original language and running it through a tra...")
14:10, 26 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs deleted page Transducer (content was: "<center> <blockquote style="padding: 5px; background-color: #FFF8DC; border: solid thin gray;"> File:Exclamation.png This is student work which has not yet been approved as correct by the instructor </blockquote> </center> right|frame|Case study notes<ref>http://www.flaticon.com/</ref> == Introduction == Please write a clear, conc...", and the only contributor was "Mr. MacKenty" (talk))
08:19, 20 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page A deep dive into email (Created page with "I have discovered a wonderful resource about email; [https://explained-from-first-principles.com/email/#preface perhaps the best deep discussion of email I have ever read!] From the concepts section of the article: === Concepts === Before diving into the technical aspects of email, let’s first look at email from the perspective of its users. === Message === The purpose of email is to send messages over the Internet. A message is a recorded piece of information whic...")
20:49, 5 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Vector (Created page with "In computer science, a vector is a data structure that represents an ordered, dynamic array of elements. It's similar to an array, but it has the advantage of being able to dynamically resize its size as elements are added or removed. A vector typically stores elements of the same data type, and provides operations to add, remove, or access elements. The size of a vector can change as elements are inserted or deleted, and it automatically reallocates memory as needed. T...")
20:32, 5 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Unsigned integers (Created page with "Unsigned integers are a type of integer data type that can only represent non-negative whole numbers (positive numbers and zero). They are represented using a fixed number of bits, typically 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits, depending on the computer architecture and the programming language. Unlike signed integers, unsigned integers do not use a sign bit to indicate the sign of the integer value. Instead, all bits are used to represent the magnitude of the integer value. This all...")
20:31, 5 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Signed integers (Created page with "Signed integers are a type of integer data type that can represent both positive and negative whole numbers. They are represented using a fixed number of bits, typically 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits, depending on the computer architecture and the programming language. The most significant bit (MSB) is used to indicate the sign of the integer value, with a value of 0 representing a positive number and a value of 1 representing a negative number. The remaining bits are used to r...")
20:28, 5 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Scalar type (Created page with "Scalar type in programming refers to a data type that can represent a single value, as opposed to a more complex data structure such as an array or object. Scalar types can include primitive data types such as integers, floating-point numbers, and strings, among others. In many programming languages, scalar types are also referred to as simple or atomic data types. A scalar type is a general term used to describe a data type that can represent a single value. A primitiv...")
09:11, 4 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Struct (Created page with "A "struct" is a composite data type that groups together zero or more values with different data types into a single unit. It is used to represent a single object made up of multiple pieces of data, such as a point in 2D space (x, y), or a record in a database (name, address, age, etc.). Each piece of data within a struct is called a "field". Structs can be found in many programming languages, including C, C++, and Rust. They provide a way to bundle related data into a s...")
09:07, 4 February 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Enum (Created page with "An "enum" (short for "enumerated type") is a data type that consists of a set of named values. It is used to represent a set of distinct, named values in a program, making it easier to read, maintain, and avoid bugs. For example, in a program that tracks the days of the week, an enum could be used to represent the days of the week instead of using raw integers or strings. Enums can be found in many programming languages, including Rust, C++, and C#.<ref>ChatGPT</ref> I...")
12:58, 3 February 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Stack memory (Created page with "Stack memory is a region of computer memory used for storing da,ta that has a short lifespan such as function call frames, function parameters, and local variables. It operates on a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle, where the most recently added data is the first to be removed. This makes stack memory ideal for storing temporary data and function calls, as the data is automatically cleaned up when the function returns. In a typical computer program, the stack is used...")
12:57, 3 February 2023 Mr. MacKenty talk contribs created page Heap memory (Created page with "Heap memory is a region of computer memory used for dynamic allocation of objects at runtime. It is a dynamic area of memory where blocks of memory are allocated and deallocated dynamically as needed, in contrast to the stack memory, where memory is allocated and deallocated in a last-in-first-out (LIFO) manner. Objects stored in the heap have a longer lifetime than objects stored in the stack, as heap-allocated objects persist until they are explicitly deallocated or un...")
09:40, 29 January 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Binary classification model (Created page with "A binary classification model is a type of machine learning model that is used to classify data into two distinct classes or categories. These models are trained to differentiate between two possible outcomes, such as "yes" and "no", "true" and "false", or "positive" and "negative". Examples of binary classification problems include spam detection, sentiment analysis, and medical diagnosis. Common algorithms used in binary classification include logistic regression, deci...")
12:20, 21 January 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Compare the implementation of systems using a client’s hardware with hosting systems remotely (Created page with "right|frame|System Fundamentals<ref>http://www.flaticon.com/</ref> Implementing a system using a client's hardware typically involves installing soft...")
10:11, 6 January 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Networks in context (Created page with "=== Students must be able to explain the central role networks play in our interconnected world. === Networks play a central role in our interconnected world because they all...")
09:09, 6 January 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Application of databases (Created page with "=== Students must be able to create a database management system (DBMS) and relational database management system (RDBMS) considering one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many...")
08:03, 6 January 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Analysis of systems design (Created page with "=== Students must be able to analyse the system requirements and constraints of an existing (emergent or disruptive) system, and evaluate the success/failure of the system des...")
07:41, 6 January 2023 Bmackenty talk contribs created page Introduction to Systems (Created page with "=== Students must be able to describe the four main components that make up a system (manual and direct data entry input devices, output devices, storage devices and processor...")